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Titanium Doped Sapphire (Ti3+:Al2O3)

Titanium doped sapphire (Ti3+:Al2O3) combines the excellent thermal, physical and optical properties of Sapphire, Ti3+ ion’s very large gain bandwidth, and a wide range of possible pump wavelengths. These properties make Titanium doped sapphire the most widely used crystal for wavelength tunable lasers and ultrashort pulse generation.

The Ti3+ ion has a very large gain bandwidth with a gain peak around 800nm. This characteristic allows a tuning range from 650nm to 1100nm and ultrashort pulse generation down to around 10fs through passive mode locking. A pulse duration around 100fs is easily achieved and the device is commercially available.

The Ti3+ has a wide absorption range located in the green spectral region. A Ti:sapphire laser is usually pumped with another laser with a wavelength of 514 to 532 nm. For most applications, an argon-ion lasers (514.5 nm), or a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF or Nd:YVO4 laser (527-532 nm) is used.

  Crystal Structure Hexagonal  
  lattice constant (Å) a = 4.748, c = 12.957
 
  Melting Point (°C) 2050
 
  Mohs Hardness ≈ 9
 
  Density (g/cm^3) 3.98
 
  Pumping Range (nm) 450~532
  Lasing Range (nm)
650~1100
  Fluorescence Lifetime (us at 25°C)
3.2
  Ti dopant concentration (%)
0.06~0.5
  Absorption Coefficient (cm-1 at 490nm)
1.0~7.5
  Polarized Emission
Unpolarized
  Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
(20~100°C) ( /K)
||C: 5.31X10-6
C: 4.78X10-6
 
  Thermal Conductivity (25°C)
(W/mK)
||C: 33
C: 35
 
  Constant of Dispersion (dn/dT)  (/K) dno/dT = 8.5X10-6
dne/dT = 3.0X10-6
 
  Refractive Indices   ne = 1.759, no = 1.767 at 808nm
 
  Table 1: Ti3+:Al2O3 Properties
 

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